Kir'yanov Alexander, nacio 18.12.1962 en el Union Sovetico (ahora - la Federación Rusa), Cuidad de Moscu. Desde 1998, A.V.Kir'yanov sirve como Investigador Titular B en el Centro de Investigaciones en Optica (CIO) - Depto. "Laseres"; ahora (desde 2003) - Investigador Titular C en el mismo Centro (Depto. "Fibras Opticas" - desde 2005).
Pasos de la carera. 1980 - graduado la escuela normal con la Medale Oro. 1980 - entro la Universidad Nacional de Moscu (Depto. de Fisica). 1986 - obtenido el grado de Maestria en la misma Universidad (Sub-Depto. "Optica e Espectroscopia"). 1987 - participo el Instituto de Física General (la Academia Rusa de Ciencia, ARC) como Investigador Joven; en ultimo tiempo (hasta 1998) - Investigador Mayor. 1995 - obtenido el grado de Doctor en Optica y Física de Laseres en el mismo Instituto (titulo de la disertación - "Estudio de Anisotropia de Absorción No-Lineal en los Cristales LiF:F2-, YAG:Cr4+ y YAG:V3+"). 1998 - obtenido el conocimiento "El Científico Joven Superior" (la ARC - Competición entre los proyectos de los investigadores jóvenes de la ARS). 1998 - participo el Centro de Investigaciones en Optica (México). 1998 - obtenido la Catedra Patrimonial de Excelencia, Nivel II (CONACYT, México), 2000 - Investigador Nacional del SNII (Nivel I, México), 2003 - Investigador Nacional del SNII (Nivel II, México), 2007 - Investigador Nacional del SNII (Nivel III, México). Desde 2004 - el Miembro Regular de la Academia Mexicana de Ciencias (AMC). Desde 1995 - el Miembro de la Sociedad Optica de EE.UU. (OSA) (ahora – desde 2009 – el Miembro Senor).
Kir'yanov Alexander es co-autor de mas que 150 articulas en revistas de circulacion internacional, 4 patentes (Rusia, EE.UU. y Mexico).
Líneas de Investigación:
- Laseres de estado solido, Laseres de fibra optica, Espectroscopia de fibras opticas dopadas con tierras raras y nano-particulos, Optica y dinamica no-lineal del estado solido y de fibras opticas.
Publicaciones recientes:
2022
- Barmenkov, Yuri O; Muniz-Cánovas, Pablo; Kir'yanov, Alexander V;
Aboites, Vicente; Cruz, José-Luis; Andrés, Miguel V; Power-dependent
effective reflection of fiber Bragg grating as output coupler of Ytterbiumdoped fiber laser Results in Physics 42 105980 2022. Elsevier
- Reddy, P Harshavardhan; Kir’yanov, AV; Dhar, Anirban; Das, Shyamal;
Dutta, Debjit; Pal, Mrinmay; Barmenkov, YO; Minguella-Gallardo, JA;
Bhadra, Shyamal Kumar; Paul, Mukul Chandra; Fabrication of ultrahigh numerical aperture GeO 2-doped fiber and its use for broadband
supercontinuum generation: publisher’s note Applied Optics 6119
34 10229-10229 2022 Optica Publishing Group
- Barmenkov, Yuri O; Muniz-Canovas, Pablo; Kir'yanov, Alexander V;
Minguela-Gallardo, Josue Adin; Beltrán-Pérez, Georgina; Cruz, Jose Luis;
Andres, Miguel V; Noise fiber lasers Suplemento de la Revista
Mexicana de Física 2 1 Jan-Mar 116-121 2021
2021
- Lozano, M; Kir’yanov, A; Pisarchik, A; Aboites, Vicente; Laser cavity
with Van der Pol dynamics Revista mexicana de física 67 1
154-161 2021 Sociedad Mexicana de Física
- Roselló-Mechó, Xavier; Delgado-Pinar, Martina; Barmenkov, Yuri O;
Kir’yanov, Alexander V; Andrés, Miguel V; Application of WGM
Resonances to the Measurement of the Temperature Increment of Ho
and Ho-Yb Doped Optical Fibers Pumped at 1125 and 975 nm Sensors
21 6 2094 2021 MDPI
- Barmenkov, Yuri; Kir’yanov, Alexander V; Muniz-Cánovas, Pablo; Cruz, José
L; Andrés, Miguel V; Photon noise in a continuous-wave ytterbium-
doped fiber laser Optical Fiber Technology and Applications: Recent
advances 2021 IOP Publishing
- Paul, Mukul Chandra; Kir’yanov, Alexander V; Barmenkov, Yuri; Duarte,
José; Leitão, Joaquim P; Ferreira, Mário F; Rocha, Ana M; Youngman,
Randall; Pal, Mrinmay; Dhar, Anirban; A new class of specialty optical
fibers based on a novel material composition of the doping host for the
study of optical amplification Optical Fiber Technology and
Applications: Recent advances 2021 IOP Publishing
- Kir'yanov, Alexander V; DNA Barcoding and Renewed Taxonomy of
South American Clouded Sulphurs (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Colias)
Southwestern Entomologist 46 4 891-928 2021 Society
of Southwestern Entomologists
2020
- Barmenkov, Yuri O; Muniz-Cánovas, Pablo; Kir'yanov, Alexander V;
Carrascosa, Antonio A; Cruz, Jose L; Andrés, Miguel V; Coexistence of
quasi-CW and SBS-boosted self-Q-switched pulsing in Ytterbium-doped
fiber laser with low Q-factor cavity Journal of Lightwave Technology
38 14 3751-3758 2020 IEEE
- Kir'yanov, AV; Halder, A; Sekiya, E; Saito, K; Barmenkov, YO; Minkovich, VP;
Didenko, SI; Legotin, SA; Tapero, KI; Impact of electron irradiation
upon optical properties of bismuth/yttria codoped phosphosilicate fiber
Optics & Laser Technology 128 106245 2020
Elsevier
- Barmenkov, Yuri O; Muniz-Cánovas, Pablo; Kir’yanov, Alexander V; Cruz,
José L; Andrés, Miguel V; Noise pulses’ statistics in CW ytterbium-doped
fiber laser and its effect on self-phase modulation Nonlinear Photonics.
NpTu4D. 17 2020 Optica Publishing Group
- Kir’yanov, Alexander V; Halder, Arindam; Effects of Electron
Irradiation on Optical Properties of Bismuth-Doped Phosphosilicate Fiber
Bismuth-Fundamentals and Optoelectronic Applications. 2020.
IntechOpen
- Barmenkov, Yuri O; Kir’yanov, Alexander V; Andrés, Miguel V;
Spectroscopic properties of holmium-aluminum-germanium co-doped silica fiber Fiber and Integrated Optics 39 4 185-202
2020 Taylor & Francis
- Paul, Mukul Chandra; Das, Shyamal; Dhar, Anirban; Pal, Mrinmay; Bhadra,
SK; Pillai, Ramadas; Varughese, Pius; Kir'yanov, Alexander; Multielements
doped silica glass based specialty optical fibers for high power optical
amplifiers Asia Communications and Photonics Conference
S3A. 3 2020 Optica Publishing Group
2019
- Muniz-Cánovas, Pablo; Barmenkov, Yuri O; Kir’yanov, Alexander V; Cruz,
Jose L; Andrés, Miguel V; Ytterbium-doped fiber laser as pulsed source of
narrowband amplified spontaneous emission Scientific Reports 9 1.
13073. 2019. Nature Publishing Group UK London
- Durán-Sánchez, Manuel; Posada-Ramírez, Berenice; Álvarez-Tamayo,
Ricardo Iván; Santiago-Hernández, Héctor; Bello-Jimenez, Miguel; Ibarra-
Escamilla, Baldemar; Das, Shyamal; Dhar, Anirban; Pal, Mrinmay; Paul,
Mukul Chandra; Soliton molecules in self-mode-locked ring-cavity
Er/Yb double-clad fiber laser IEEE Photonics Journal 11 5
01-ago 2019 IEEE
- Kir'yanov, Alexander V; Dutta, Debjit; Das, Shyamal; Dhar, Anirban; Paul,
Mukul Chandra; Optical properties of chromium and erbium co-
doped alumina–germania–calcia–yttria–silica based fiber IEEE
Photonics Journal 11 6 ene-13 2019 IEEE
- Halder, Arindam; Kir’yanov, Alexander V; Saito, Kazuya; Broadband
visible-to-NIR ASE from Bismuth doped optical fibers: a window towards
lasing Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 58 12 120915 2019
IOP Publishing
- Kir'yanov, Alexander V; Species status of Colias misti (Pieridae:
Coliadinae) from the Arequipa region, South Peru, and a description of its
new subspecies, from Cotahuasi canyon, South-Central Peru. Zootaxa
4706 3 zootaxa. 4706.3. 2-zootaxa. 4706.3. 2 2019
- B Ibarra-Escamilla, M Durán-Sánchez, R I Álvarez-Tamayo, B Posada-Ramírez, E A Kuzin, S Das, A Dhar, M Pal, M C Paul4 and A V Kir'yanov. SWITCHABLE AND DUAL-WAVELENGTH SELF-Q-SWITCHED FIBER LASER BASED ON A HOMEMADE ER/YB DOUBLE CLAD FIBER AND POLARIZATION MAINTAINING FIBER BRAGG GRATING. LASER PHYSICS, https://doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/aaf2d6
2018
- Ma A Martínez Gámez, Miguel A Vallejo H, A V Kiryanov, L Licea-Jiménez, J L Lucio M and S A Pérez-García. Fluorescence properties of Yb3+–Er3+ co-doped phosphate glasses containing silver nanoparticles. Methods and Applications in Fluorescence, Volume 6, Number 2. https://doi.org/10.1088/2050-6120/aaab6c
2017
- A V Kir'yanov, Y O Barmenkov and I Villegas Garcia. 2.05 µm holmium-doped all-fiber laser diode-pumped at 1.125 µm. Laser Physics, Volume 27, Number 8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/aa7378
- A. V. Kir’yanov, S. H. Siddiki, Y. O. Barmenkov, D. Dutta, A. Dhar, S. Das, and M. C. Paul. Bismuth-doped hafnia-yttria-alumina-silica based fiber: spectral characterization in NIR to mid-IR. Optical Materials Express Vol. 7, Issue 10, pp. 3548-3560 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.7.003548
- P. Harshavardhan Reddy, A. V. Kir’yanov, Anirban Dhar, Shyamal Das, Debjit Dutta, Mrinmay Pal, Y. O. Barmenkov, J. A. Minguela-Gallardo, Shyamal Kumar Bhadra, and Mukul Chandra Paul. Fabrication of ultra-high numerical aperture GeO2-doped fiber and its use for broadband supercontinuum generation. Applied Optics Vol. 56, Issue 33, pp. 9315-9324 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.009315
- A. V. Kir’yanov, S. H. Siddiki, Y. O. Barmenkov, S. Das, D. Dutta, A. Dhar, A. V. Khakhalin, E. M. Sholokhov, N. N. Il’ichev, S. I. Didenko, and M. C. Paul. Hafnia-yttria-alumina-silica based optical fibers with diminished mid-IR (>2 µm) loss. Optical Materials Express Vol. 7, Issue 7, pp. 2511-2518 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.7.002511
- Anirban Dhar, Shyamal Das, Pinninty Harshavardhan Reddy, Salim H. Siddiki, Debjit Dutta, Mrinmay Pal, Alexander V. Kir'yanov, Mukul Chandra Paul. Multielement (P‐Yb‐Zr‐Ce‐Al‐Ca) fiber for moderate‐power laser application with enhanced photodarkening resistivity. Phys. Status Solidi A Volume214, Issue 6 June 2017 1600655. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201600655
- Josue A. Minguela-Gallardo, Yuri O. Barmenkov, Alexander V. Kir’yanov, and G. Beltrán-Pérez. Photon statistics of actively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser. Journal of the Optical Society of America B Vol. 34, Issue 7, pp. 1407-1414 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.34.001407
- J. A. Minguela-Gallardo; Y. O. Barmenkov; A. V. Kir’yanov; I. L. Villegas-Garcia; G. Beltrán-Pérez; E. A. Kuzin. Spectral Dynamics of Actively Q-Switched Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters (Volume: 29, Issue: 8, April15, 15 2017). 10.1109/LPT.2017.2677743
2016
- A.V. Kiryanov, D. Dutta, Y.O. Barmenkov, S. Das, A Dhar, M.C Paul, S I Didenko, S. A Legotin, K.I Tapero. Effects of electron-irradiation darkening and its posterior bleaching by light in novel Cr–Mg–YAS fiber. Laser Physics Letters, Volume 13, Number 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-2011/13/12/125103
- Mukul C. Paul, S. Bysakh, Shyamal Das, Anirban Dhar, M. Pal, S.K. Bhadra, J.K. Sahu, A.V. Kir'yanov, F. d'Acapito. Recent Developments in Rare-Earths Doped Nano-Engineered Glass Based Optical Fibers for High Power Fiber Lasers. Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society. Volume 75, 2016 - Issue 4. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0371750X.2016.1251852
- D. Ramirez-Granados, A.V. Kir’yanov, Y.O. Barmenkov, A. Halder, S. Das, A.Dhar, M.C. Paul, S.K. Bhadra, S.I. Didenko, V.V. Koltashev, and V.G.Plotnichenko. Effects of elevating temperature and high temperature annealing upon state-of-the-art of yttia-alumino-silicate fibers doped with Bismuth. OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS. Vol. 6, No. 2 DOI:10.1364/OME.6.000486
- Alexander V. Kir’yanov, Debjit Dutta, Yuri O. Barmenkov, Shyamal Das, Anirban Dhar, Vasily V. Koltashev, Victor G. Plotnichenko, and Mukul C. Paul. Basic and Peculiar Properties of Chromium–Magnesium Co-Doped YAS-Based Optical Fibers. IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 52, NO. 7, JULY 2016
2015
- Torrengo, S., Paul, M.C., Halder, A., Das, S., Dhar, A., Sahu, J.K., Jain, S., Kir'Yanov, A.V., D'Acapito, EXAFS studies of the local structure of bismuth centers in multicomponent silica glass based optical fiber preforms. F. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 410, Pages 82-87, DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2014.11.027
- Kiryanov, A.V., Halder, A., Barmenkov, Y.O., Das, S., Dhar, A., Bhadra, S.K., Koltashev, V.V., Plotnichenk, V.G. , Paul, M.C. Distribution of Bismuth and Bismuth-Related Centers in Core Area of Y-Al-SiO2:Bi Fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 33, Issue 17, Pages 3649-3659, DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2015.2449084
- Dutta, Debjit; Dhar, Anirban; Kir'yanov, Alexander V. Fabrication and characterization of chromium-doped nanophase separated yttria-alumina-silica glass-based optical fibers. Physica Status Solidi A-applications and Materials Science, 212 (8), 1836-1844 (2015), DOI: 10.1002/pssa.201532017
- Ramirez-Granados, D., Barmenkov, Y. , Kir'Yanov, A. , Aboites, V., Paul, M., Halder, A., Das, S., Dhar, A., Bhadra, S. The Use of Yttria-Alumino-Silicate Bismuth Doped Fibers for Temperature Sensing. IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 7, Issue 4, DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2015.2447937
2014
- V. Aboites, Y. Barmenkov, A. Kiryanov and M. Wilson. Bidimensional dynamic maps in optical resonators. REVISTA MEXICANA DE FISICA Vol.60 pp. 13–23
- D Toral-Acosta, A. Martinez-Ríos, R. Selvas-Aguilar, A V Kir'yanov, G Anzueto-Sanchez and V M. Duran-Ramirez. Self-pulsing in a large mode area, end-pumped, double-clad ytterbium-doped fiber laser. Laser Physics, Volume 24, Number 10. DOI:10.1088/1054-660X/24/10/105107
- Alexander V. Kir’yanov, Vladimir P. Minkovich, Yuri O. Barmenkov. All-Fiber 2.05-μm Continuous-Wave. Ytterbium–Holmium Laser Pumped at 1.064 μm. IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 26, NO. 19, pp. 1924-1927
- Yuri O. Barmenkov, Alexander V. Kir’yanov, Jose L. Cruz, Miguel V. Andres. Pulsed Regimes of Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Q-Switched Using Acousto-Optical Modulator. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 20, NO. 5
- Y.O. Barmenkov, A.V. Kir’yanov, M.V. Andres. Nonlinear dynamics of Ytterbium-doped fiber laser Q-switched using acousto-optical modulator. Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics Vol. 223, pp. 1–14. DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2014-02291-x
- M. A. Vallejo H., M. A. Martinez G., A. V. Kir´yanov, and J. L. Lucio M. Optical properties of phosphate glasses co-doped with Yb3+ and silver nanoparticles. Chin. Phys. B Vol. 23, No. 12. pp 124214-1 - 124214-5. DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/23/12/124214
- Vallejo Hernandez, Miguel A., Martinez Gamez, M. Alejandrina, Lucio Martinez, Jose L. Kir´yanov, Alexander. Enhanced Near-Infrared Emission from Holmium Ytterbium Co-Doped Phosphate Glasses Containing Silver Nanoparticles. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY. Vol: 68 Núm: 11 Págs: 1247-1253. DOI: 10.1366/1307204
- A.V. Kir’yanov, S. Ghosh, M.C. Paul, Y.O. Barmenkov, V. Aboites, N.S. Kozlova, Ce doped and Ce/Au co-doped alumino-phospho-silicate fibers: Spectral attenuation trends at high-energy electron irradiation and posterior low-power optical bleaching, Optical Materials Express 4, 434 (2014).
- Y.O. Barmenkov, A.V. Kir’yanov, J.L. Cruz, M.V. Andres, Dual-kind Q switching of erbium fiber laser, Applied Physics Letters 104, 091124 (2014).
- A.V. Kir’yanov, Yu.O. Barmenkov, V.P. Minkovich, 2.05-μm Ytterbium-Holmium doped all-fiber gain-switched pulsed laser pumped at 1064 nm, Laser Physics Letters, 11, 125107 (2014).
- M.A. Vallejo Hernandez (est.), M. Gamez, J.L. Lucio Martinez., A.V. Kiryanov, Enhanced Near-Infrared Emission from Holmium-Ytterbium Co-Doped Phosphate Glasses Containing Silver Nanoparticles, Applied Spectroscopy, 68, 1247-1253 (2014).
2013
- A.V. Kir’yanov, Y.O. Barmenkov, M.V. Andres, An experimental analysis of self-Q-switching via stimulated Brillouin scattering in an ytterbium doped fiber laser, Laser Physics Letters 10, 055112 (2013).
- A.V. Kir’yanov, Y.O. Barmenkov, G.E. Sandoval-Romero, L. Escalante-Zarate, Er3+ Concentration effects in commercial erbium-doped silica fibers fabricated through the MCVD and DND technologies, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 49, 511 (2013).
- A.V. Kir’yanov, M.C. Paul, Y.O. Barmenkov, A.M. Martínez-Gamez, S. Das, M. Pal, J.L. Lucio-Martínez, A. Arredondo-Santos, V.A. Kamynin, V.G. Plotnichenko, Silicon nano-particles doped optical fiber: fabrication, characterization, and application, IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology 31, 1762 (2013).
- A.V. Kir'yanov, M.C. Paul, Y.O. Barmenkov, S. Das, M. Pal, L. Escalante-Zarate, Yb3+ concentration effects in novel Yb doped lanthano-alumino-silicate fibers: experimental study, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 49, 528 (2013).
2012
- M.C. Paul, A.V.Kir’yanov, Yu.O. Barmenkov, S. Das, M. Pal, S.K. Bhadra, S. Yoo, A.J. Boyland, J.K. Sahu, A. Martínez-Gamez, J.L. Lucio-Martínez, Yb2O3 doped Yttrium-Alumino-Silicate nano-particles based LMA optical fibers for high-power fiber lasers, IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology 30, 2062 (2012).
- S.A. Kolpakov, Yu.O. Barmenkov, A.V. Kir’yanov, A.D. Guzmán-Chávez, J.L. Cruz, M.V. Andrés, Comparison of asymmetric and symmetric cavity configurations of erbium-doped fiber laser in active Q-switched regime, JOSA B 29, 2453 (2012).
- Yu.O. Barmenkov, A.V. Kir’yanov, M.V. Andrés, Experimental study of the nonlinear dynamics of an actively Q-switched Ytterbium doped fiber laser, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 48, 1484 (2012).
2011
- A.V. Kir’yanov, N.N. Il’ichev, Self-induced laser line sweeping in an ytterbium fiber laser with non-resonant Fabry-Perot cavity, Laser Physics Letters 8, 305 (2011).
- A.V. Kir'yanov, V.V. Dvoyrin, V.M. Mashinsky, N.N. Il'ichev, N.S. Kozlova, E.M. Dianov, Influence of electron irradiation on optical properties of Bismuth doped silica fibers, Optics Express 19, 6599 (2011).
- A.V. Kir'yanov, V.V. Dvoyrin, V.M. Mashinsky, Yu.O. Barmenkov, E.M. Dianov, Nonsaturable absorption in alumino-silicate bismuth-doped fibers, Journal of Applied Physics 109, 023113 (2011).
- A.V. Kir'yanov, N.N. Il'ichev, E.S. Gulyamova, Nonlinear change in refractive index and transmission coefficient of silicon at long-pulse, mJ-range, 1.54-mu m excitation, Laser Physics 21, 137 (2011).
- A.V. Kir'yanov, M.C. Paul, Yu.O. Barmenkov, S. Das, M. Pal, S.K. Bhadra, L.Escalante Zarate, A.D. Guzman-Chavez, Fabrication and characterization of new Yb-doped zirconia-germano-alumino silicate phase-separated nano-particles based fibers, Optics Express 19, 14823 (2011).
2010
- V.V. Dvoyrin, A.V. Kir'yanov, V.M. Mashinsky, O.I. Medvedkov, A.A. Umnikov, A.N. Guryanov, E.M. Dianov, Absorption, gain, and laser action in Bismuth-doped aluminosilicate optical fibers, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 46, 182 (2010).
- A.V. Kir'yanov, V.P. Minkovich, I.V. Mel’nikov, A.B. Sotsky, Infrared supercontinuum generation in cladding of a hollow-core fiber pumped with a 1 ns 1.06 μm Nd3+: YAG/Cr4+:YAG microchip laser, Open Optics Journal 4, 29 (2010).
- H. Arellano-Sotelo, A.V. Kir'yanov, Yu.O. Barmenkov, V. Aboites, The use of nonlinear dynamics of erbium-doped fiber laser at pump modulation for intra-cavity sensing, Optics and Laser Technology 43, 132 (2011).
2009
- A.V. Kir'yanov, S.M. Klimentov, I.V. Mel'nikov, A.V. Shestakov, Specialty Yb fiber amplifier for microchip Nd laser: Towards similar to 1-mJ/1-ns output at kHz-range repetition rate, Optics Communications, vol. 282, 4759-4764 (2009).
- Yu.O. Barmenkov, A.V. Kir'yanov, A.D. Guzman-Chavez, J.L. Cruz, M.V. Andres, Excited-state absorption in erbium-doped silica fiber with simultaneous excitation at 977 and 1531 nm, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 106, article number 083108 (2009).
- A.D. Guzman-Chavez, Yu.O. Barmenkov, A.V. Kir'yanov, F. Mendoza-Santoyo, A narrow-line Erbium-doped fiber laser and its application for testing fiber Bragg gratings, Optics Communications, vol. 282, 3775-3779 (2009).
